Istanbul

Originally built as a Byzantine cathedral in 537 AD, Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest architectural marvels in history. This UNESCO World Heritage site served as a church for nearly 1,000 years before becoming a mosque after the Ottoman conquest. Its massive dome, stunning Byzantine mosaics, and intricate Islamic calligraphy represent the merging of two great civilizations. Now operating as a mosque, visitors must remove shoes and women should cover their heads. Avoid visiting during prayer times for the best experience.

Officially known as Sultan Ahmed Mosque, the Blue Mosque is one of Islam's most magnificent monuments, built between 1609-1616. Famous for its six minarets and interior decorated with over 20,000 handmade İznik ceramic tiles in blue patterns that give it its popular name. The mosque features 260 windows that fill the interior with natural light. Still an active place of worship, visitors must dress modestly and remove shoes. Best visited outside of prayer times, especially the Friday midday prayer which lasts around 2 hours.

One of the world's oldest and largest covered markets, the Grand Bazaar has been a trading hub since 1461. With over 4,000 shops spread across 60 covered streets, it offers everything from authentic Turkish carpets and kilims to jewelry, ceramics, metalware, spices, and leather goods. The perfect place to practice your haggling skills and experience Istanbul's commercial heritage. Can be overwhelming but incredibly atmospheric. Visit early morning to avoid the largest crowds and get better deals from shopkeepers.

The primary residence of Ottoman sultans for over 400 years, Topkapi Palace is a sprawling complex of courtyards, pavilions, and gardens overlooking the Bosphorus and Golden Horn. Highlights include the Imperial Treasury with its stunning jewels, the Harem where the royal family lived, and the Sacred Relics section containing items associated with Prophet Muhammad. The palace grounds offer spectacular views and beautiful gardens. Allow at least half a day to explore properly; the Harem requires a separate ticket.

This ancient underground water reservoir, built in the 6th century during Emperor Justinian's reign, is one of Istanbul's most atmospheric attractions. Known locally as Yerebatan Sarnıcı, the cistern features 336 marble columns, many recycled from ruined temples, supporting an incredible vaulted ceiling. The most famous features are two Medusa head column bases, one inverted and one tilted. Recently restored with improved lighting and walkways, creating an otherworldly experience. The cool underground temperature provides relief from summer heat.

This medieval stone tower, built in 1348 by Genoese colonists, offers panoramic 360-degree views of Istanbul from its observation deck. Standing 67 meters tall on a hill in the Galata district, it provides stunning vistas of the Golden Horn, Bosphorus, and historic peninsula. The surrounding Galata neighborhood is full of trendy cafés, boutiques, and street performers. Can get very crowded, especially at sunset. The area around the tower is one of Istanbul's most photogenic locations, particularly at night when illuminated.

A boat trip along the Bosphorus Strait is essential for understanding Istanbul's unique position straddling two continents. Cruises pass Ottoman palaces, historic fortresses, waterfront mansions (yalıs), and fishing villages on both the European and Asian shores. Options range from short 90-minute tours to full-day trips to the Black Sea. Public ferries offer the cheapest option while private boats provide more luxury. The most scenic route runs from Eminönü to Anadolu Kavağı. Evening cruises offer dinner and views of the illuminated skyline.

Also known as the Egyptian Bazaar, this 17th-century market is a sensory feast of colors and aromas. Specializing in spices, dried fruits, nuts, Turkish delight, and lokum, it offers a more manageable shopping experience than the Grand Bazaar. Located near the Galata Bridge in Eminönü, the L-shaped building houses around 85 shops. Quality tends to be higher here for food items, though prices can be tourist-inflated. The surrounding streets have additional shops with better prices. Perfect for picking up edible souvenirs and experiencing traditional commerce.